ABSTRACT
Objective@# To understand the awareness of palliative care and its influencing factors in community residents in Hangzhou,so as to provide basis for the development of palliative care service.@*Methods@#By convenient sampling method,the residents in the urban-rural junction of Xihu District were recruited. A self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate their awareness of palliative care. The logistic regression model was employed to analyze the influencing factors.@*Results @#A total of 519 questionnaires were recovered,with a response rate of 97.92%. There were 227 males and 292 females,accounting for 43.74% and 56.26%,respectively. There were 43,218 and 258 residents with more,basic and little understanding about palliative care, accounting for 8.29%,42.00% and 49.71%. The residents learned about palliative care mainly through television and radio,with 245 cases accounting for 47.21%;and they thought that the main reason for low awareness of palliative care was a lack of related knowledge,with 396 cases accounting for 76.30%. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that 50-59 years old（OR = 0.467,95% CI：0.285-0.767）,primary school education and below（OR = 2.248,95%CI：1.239-4.079）and experience of caring for dying patients（OR = 1.551,95% CI：1.094-2.199）were the influencing factors for the awareness of palliative care. @*Conclusion@#The residents in Hangzhou had relatively low awareness of palliative care,which were associated with age,education level and experience of caring for dying patients.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to investigate the formation and synthetic mechanism of related substance G in potassium clavulanate production. The impurity in the potassium clavulanate final product, with a retention time of 13.5 min, was confirmed as related substance G by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Related substance G analysis during the production of clavulanic acid showed that this impurity could be synthesized during fermentation, and the amount increased with the fermentation time. Studies on its synthetic mechanism showed that L-tyrosine and succinic acid were the precursors for biosynthesis of related substance G in vivo. The reaction was deduced to be catalyzed by an enzyme. The enzyme was a type of extracellular enzyme present in the fermentation supernatant.
O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a formação e o mecanismo sintético da substância G relacionada na produção de clavulanato de potássio. A impureza do produto final clavulanato de potássio, com tempo de retenção de 13,5 min, foi confirmada como substância G relacionada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência-espectrometria de massas/espectrometria de massas. A análise da substância G relacionada durante a produção do ácido clavulânico mostrou que essa impureza poderia ser sintetizada durante a fermentação e que a quantidade aumenta com o tempo de fermentação. Estudos do seu mecanismo sintético mostraram que a L-tirosina e o ácido succínico foram os precursores in vivo para a biossíntese da substância G relacionada. Deduziu-se que a reação foi catalisada por uma enzima. A enzima foi do tipo extracelular, presente no sobrenadante da fermentação.
Subject(s)
Substantia Gelatinosa , Mass Spectrometry/methods , Chromatography, Liquid , Clavulanic AcidABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to investigate the formation and forming mechanism of the related substance E in potassium clavulanate production. The impurity with retention time of 11.1 min in potassium clavulanate final product was confirmed as the related substance E by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-MS/MS).The related substance E analysis during the production of clavulanic acid showed that this impurity could be formed during both the fermentation and purification processes, especially in the later fermentation stage, filtration concentration and back-extraction procedure. Clavulanic acid was the precursor of the related substance E. Studies on its forming mechanism showed that the related substance E was formed by the combination of the imino group of one molecule of clavulanic acid with the carboxyl group of another molecule of clavulanic acid with the opening of β-lactam ring. Results of a multi-factor orthogonal test confirmed that the concentration of clavulanic acid was the dominant factor to accelerate the reaction, while the temperature was another contributing factor. The pH 5.0-6.5 had little impact on the generation of the related substance E.
O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a formação da substância E e o respectivo mecanismo na produção de clavulanato de potássio. Confirmou-se a impureza com tempo de retenção de 11,1 min no produto final, clavulanato de potássio, como substância E, por meio de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, em conjunto com detecção por espectrometria de massas (CLAE-MS-MS). A análise da substância relacionada E durante a produção do ácido clavulânico mostrou que essa impureza pode ser formada tanto durante a fermentação quanto durante os processos de purificação, especialmente no estágio final de fermentação, filtração, concentração e procedimento de extração. O ácido clavulãnico foi o precursor da substância E. Estudos no mecanismo de sua formação mostraram que a substância E formou-se pela combinação do grupo imina da molécula do ácido clavulânico com o grupo carboxílico de outra molécula de ácido clavulânico, com a abertura do anel β-lactâmico. Resultados do teste ortogonal multifatorial confirmaram que a concentração do ácido clavulânico foi o fator dominante para acelerar a reação, enquanto a temperatura foi outro fator que contribuiu. O pH de 5,0 a 6,5 teve pouco impacto na geração da substância E.